Tortioses Of The World Essay Research Paper free essay sample

Tortioses Of The World Essay, Research Paper I choose this subject of tortoises because I have four of my ain. I would wish to larn more about them and possibly different types of things I could make to do their lives better. I have Desert Tortoises but I would besides wish to larn approximately many other types of tortoises and their forms and sizes. I have four large tortoises and four babe tortoises. Sammy, Scooter, Grumpy, Red, and the four babes which are about five months old. A adult male at the Water District gave us are first tortoise Sammy. Soon coming that twelvemonth we found Grumpy on the side of the main road with a large cleft in his dorsum. We took him place fed him so took him to the veterinarian early the following forenoon. They patched him up and we got to take him home but we had to give him a shooting every repast for about a month. We will write a custom essay sample on Tortioses Of The World Essay Research Paper or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page That # 8217 ; s where he got his name he didn T like the shootings much and would conceal off in a corner after them. Water scooter and Red are Desert Tortoises but a different sort. They are more egg-shaped shaped which gives us more of a assortment. They seem to wish fruit more. Sammy and Grumpy mated and Sammy laid her eggs in a deep tunnel between two stones. The eggs hatched someplace in between 70 to one hundred and 20 yearss. We found the first babe tortoise in the front pace and that # 8217 ; s when we knew we had to hold a complete hunt of our backyard and the forepart for the first twenty-four hours before we blocked up even the tiniest of holes in the Gatess with wood. We searched the paces for approximately two hebdomads merely in instance of any of them were concealing. We found five sum but one was already dead in the route. It was ran over by a auto yearss earlier before we found the first tortoise. The other four are healthy and turning bigger mundane. We feed them in the afternoon when I get place from school or when my ma gets off work. They non merely walk slow but they eat slow excessively. I think it s a great experience to have Desert Tortoises and if you can I would acquire one for yourself. Tortoises are in the household of the Testudinidae. Tortoises live on land and are largely vegetarian reptilians. A few signifiers of Omnivorous. In some topographic points tortoises represent awkwardness, finding, and long life. There are about 41 life species of tortoises. The bulk of them live in Africa and Madagascar. Some ways you can state the reptilian is a tortoise are by their high dome like shells, heavy elephant-like hind legs in which their toes are really short and do non hold any webbing, and hard scaled front legs. The colour of a tortoise is largely sunglassess of brown, olive, xanthous and black, brown and black, largely xanthous, scutes plain or normally patterned with bright beams or homocentric rings. They have leathery to brittle shells depending on the tortoise. Some of the types of tortoises could be the species of the Giant Tortoises. They are now rare or nonextant because adult male destroyed their home grounds or because hogs, caprine animals, or rats ate their babes. Some of the Giant Tortoise weights have been recorded as about one hundred 80 kgs. Another species is the Gopher Tortoise. They have brown shells and are accomplished diggers. This is because their front legs are much flatter and service as delving scoops. These tortoises live in sandy and wooded parts of the Southern United States. The Desert Tortoise lives in desert and open wooded countries around the South Western United States and Mexico. Berlandiers Tortoise is close comeuppances and wooded countries of Texas and parts of Northern Mexico. There is besides a recent find of a tortoise called the Bophenus Flauomorginatum. It has merely been located in a little country in North Central Mexico. A tortoises shell has 59 to 61 castanetss in it. It has two parts a shell and a plastron enchantress covers it s belly. So successful was the shell that it became a basis of tortoise architecture. Because of the shell they can non run, leap, or fly. Tortoise shells typically are high-vaulted shells as protection from their marauders oppressing jaws. One type of tortoise that does non hold a high shell but a highly planate one is the African Pancake. This allows that tortoise to squash into little clefts in between stones where they have their home ground. When a tortoise has become wedged in between something they become highly difficult to draw out. Another portion of a shell could be a hinged plastron. Madagascar and Egyptian Tortoises have developed one or two plastral flexible joints and the African Hinge-backed Tortoises have a flexible joint on the shell instead than on their plastron. Hinges give tortoises the Bachelor of Arts ility to tightly shut their shell with all their parts with in. This provides protection from loss of wet. Most tortoises attain a maximal size of at least five inches in shell length. The Dotted Cape Tortoise have a maximal shell length of less than four point seven inches. They are among the universes smallest tortoises. One of the universes largest tortoises is the Aldabra Giant Tortoise at 55 inches and five 100s and 59 lbs. Surely most tortoises, with their ability to travel held back by their large shells are slow. The Desert Tortoise moves at velocities of zero point 13 to zero point three stat mis per hr. The Galapagos Giant Tortoise was clocked at four stat mis per twenty-four hours. When tortoises mate it typically consists of some caput bobbing, the male butting and seize with teething the female to immobilise her, and eventually mounting her shell from the rear. The female tortoise so buries her eggs under land. My Desert Tortoise buried her eggs in her place which was a under land tunnel. Once the eggs are hatched tonss of reptilians leave their childs to fend for themselves but the Burmese Brown Tortoise which lays her eggs in a hill of foliage litre, will support her eggs from predation for several yearss after she has laid them. Tortoises eggs are elongated to spherical form, one to two point five inches is the greatest diameter. Egg size seems to increase with body size but there are some exclusions. The Galapagos Giant Tortoise lay the largest spherical eggs, with diameters of two to two point four inches. Incubation typically requires about two months. Incubation clip besides depend on the temperature. Temperature can find the velocity but it can besides find the sex of some species of tortoises. Tortoises normally feed on flora like roses, trefoil, Spinacia oleracea, and blowball or on more sedentary animate beings like worms, snails or insect larvae. Because of their velocity they can t catch fast traveling quarry. Besides fruit off a tree can pull big Numberss of tortoises. Some of these fruits could include apricots, alligator pear, bananas, berries, oranges, Prunus persicas and pears. Tortoises like to eat veggies, some of those could be chou, carrots, maize, peas, green beans, squash, and courgette. There are besides toxicant things you can feed your tortoise. Don t feed them workss like aloe, Hedera helix, Narcissus pseudonarcissus, foxglove, gardenia, holly, retem, mistle toe, marigold, mushrooms, rhododendron, and sweet pea. From my ain experience tortoises like to eat Brassica oleracea italica, apples, hibiscus flowers, grapes, tomatoes with out the seeds, H2O melon and their favourite boodle, which is a good beginning for H2O. Tortoises have one or two saw-toothed ridges on their jaws enchantress are used for cutting and oppressing roots and fruits. If a tortoise happened to eat a toxicant works above some of marks of unwellness would be fluid or bubbly nose, loss of appetency, and panting. If a tortoise has these symptoms you should reach a veterinary. Around the month of October tortoises will look sulky, remain outside less, and they will eat less. This is the clip that tortoises go into hibernation. Tortoises like to hole up in tunnels normally ten to eighteen pess deep. Tortoises will frequently eat a batch before hibernation and they will hive away the excess fat on their legs. Around March or April the tortoises will come out of hibernation. You should give them a warm bath. They will frequently imbibe a batch of H2O, this is normal. Within the following few hebdomads they will return to their normal activities of feeding, exerting, and sunbathing. It is said that tortoises don t defend their districts but a tortoise called the Galapagos Giant Tortoise establishes laterality based on the tallness to hex each animate being can lodge out its caput. Populations of many tortoises are worsening today. Over development and home ground devastation are the two chief causes. Tortoises, because of their handiness and big size have been utilised to a great extent as a protein resource on the island states. Peoples have besides been killing off tortoises by supplying luxury points such as tortoise shell jewellery and as pets. Tortoises slowness do them susceptible to human predetation at all times. I enjoyed composing about this subject. I learned tonss of interesting facts that might assist me raise my tortoises and cool facts like who was the biggest tortoise in the universe and the smallest tortoise in the universe. The Tortoise is a really great animal. It s been alive longer than I have. I hope they outlive my life-time and many after that.

ESL Teaching Material Development

ESL Teaching Material Development Introduction Professionals in the field of ESL including instructors and curriculum developers often face challenges in blending theory and practice.Advertising We will write a custom coursework sample on ESL Teaching Material Development specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In the article, Outtakes from Readers Choice: Issues in Materials Development by Sandra Silberstein, the author, addresses these challenges objectively by pointing out her own experiences during the development of the textbook, Readers Choice, which she co-authored. This article gives ESL professionals an idea on how they can gain experiences in the process of instruction or curriculum development. Luckily, the ESL professionals already have an exemplary pacesetter in Silberstein, who honestly and objectively approaches the commonly avoided challenge of self-evaluation. Overview of the Article The article by Silberstein opens by noting that ESL professionals are adept at churning out pedagogical materials, but even so, they still encounter difficulties in adhering to the all-important philosophy, which holds that the process is more important than the product and instructors propagate it. She notes that this philosophy is a challenge to seasoned teachers who find it easier to encourage their students to adopt it, but they are not in a position to operate within its auspices. This inability manifests in the fact that although teachers encourage their students to share with others any failed attempts at adhering to the philosophy, they for their part fail to do so.Advertising Looking for coursework on education? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Silberstein observes that when content developers remain silent on the difficulties in the course of their duties, teachers and authors miss so much, which could be brought to light through open sharing. The author thus encourages culprits of this undesirable conduct to take a different approach by recounting her experiences during the development of the Readers Choice. In developing content for the Readers Choice, Silberstein and her co-author were fully aware that there was a need to operate within established theoretical and pedagogical guidelines to capture the spirit of common dilemmas that had been raised by Karl Krahnke at the time. In an attempt in so doing, Silberstein notes that their focus was more emphatic on the criteria of passing judgment on what addressed their concerns and what did not. Their concern in that respect was to develop content, which granted both teachers and students a pleasurable classroom experience while at the same time fitting within the criteria for pedagogically sound reading materials. Silberstein notes that the criteria that the materials were expected to meet was developed from existing reading theory. Through reviewing several theories, Silberstein notes that they coined three gu idelines for developing reading tasks. Thereafter, any task they developed for the book was supposed to follow the set guidelines.Advertising We will write a custom coursework sample on ESL Teaching Material Development specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The first criterion required that a reading task be in touch in with the real world and consider the student’s ability. The second criterion required passages that preceded tasks to define the nature of the tasks to be undertaken and the third criterion required books and teachers to elaborate the concepts underlying the skill prior to testing of any skill. Silberstein proceeds to outline the outtakes from the Readers Choice and articulates why each of them did not make it into the final text. In addition, she recounts the process of developing the Readers Choice highlighting the key experiences they underwent coupled with how these experiences changed their perspectives through out the process. The process of content development is thus daunting and it turns out to be contradictory at some points. Review of the Article In this article, Silberstein significantly succeeds at what many professionals have hitherto failed to achieve. Self-criticism is often a tough task for many especially in undertakings that are daunting in nature. She rightly points this aspect out when she notes that instructors find it easier to espouse beliefs in the process rather than the product of learning or teaching and so on.Advertising Looking for coursework on education? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More She gives an example of ESL professionals who fail in their initial attempts to adhere to this process while trying to develop content, but they prefer to keep quiet concerning their failures. By using this example, Silberstein directly points out one of the reasons why some content becomes unrealistic and impractical in the classroom. This reason also explains why some instructors fail to meet the students at their point of need despite having the best instructional materials at their disposal. She thus espouses being honest with the self when it comes to self-criticism and she proceeds to use her own piece of work as an example. Silberstein recounts the process of developing the book, the Readers Choice and points out key ideas and guidelines, which guided their undertaking. Through this aspect, she articulates the principles clearly, which guided their every activity in the process coupled with how they came up with those principles. In the process, she acknowledges that even tho ugh she is an expert in content development, some ideas, which they use, are inspired by other authors’ pieces of work. She acknowledges that Karl Krahnke’s piece of work, which appeared in the TESOL Newsletter: How do we know when a classroom activity work prior to the commencement of their book, as a key inspiration in developing the book. Silberstein and her co-author did not exclusively focus on Krahnke’s ideas, but they added more ideas obtained from reviewing the literature on reading theory. The most illustrious of the theorists are identified as Kenneth Goodman and Frank Smith. Therefore, in the process of reading, they either espouse or refute their presuppositions. This aspect indicates a well-researched and integrated piece of work, which not only identifies the author of a certain idea but also proceeds to give an overview of the general idea of that author for the benefit of those that have not come across it yet. Superficially, the article appears confusing and because it includes the outtakes from the Reader’s Choice, the article authors position on the outtakes, the content that made it into the final text, and ideas from other authors. However, a careful consideration of the article reveals a carefully developed piece of work, which clearly addresses its objectives. The author is very explicit with every aspect of the book and its development that she chose to include in the article. For instance, in the final section of the article, she recounts the experiences that defined the successful parts of the article and points out the weaknesses, which according to her exist even in some of the materials that it into the book. This approach blends positively with the approach she took while elaborating the outtakes and the reasons why they were struck out of the book. She remembers to add her perspective on some of the ideas at the time of writing the article and she shows how it differs with the perspective she held on t he materials at the time of writing the book. This gives an idea of someone who isolates herself from the picture and performs an objective analysis of her thoughts, ideas, and every decision made as though it were from someone else. This attitude agrees with the position she takes at a very early stage in the article that ESL professionals need to evaluate themselves honestly in the process of content development and instruction. In addition, they need to share their experiences openly to help teachers and authors to get insight from such experiences. The article is well articulated and researched in terms of incorporating ideas from other sources. However, one issue fails to standout like other aspects of the article, viz. without a careful consideration of the article; it becomes a bit difficult to pinpoint its principal idea. This aspect would be especially difficult if the article were to be presented to a reader without its title, which implies that the article’s thesis statement does not clearly manifest in the text. Conclusion Silberstein’s article clearly articulates the process that led to the development of the Reader’s Choice. It rightly points out the fruitful and the non-fruitful undertakings that were part of the development of the book. Since the book was being developed for ESL use, she relates her experience in developing the book to the experiences of other ESL professionals especially instructors where she points out that their failure to share their experiences, as she does in this article, frustrates development in this area. Clearly displaying the outtakes and elaborating the reasons why they were stuck out of the text explicitly shows her commitment to this cause. The article is a well-researched and articulated piece of work that integrates ideas from different sources and briefly describes such sources to familiarize the reader with their content. The article may appear confusing, but it surely accomplishes its ob jectives.

Financial Accounting coursework Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

Financial Accounting coursework - Essay Example References†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..7 1. Executive Summary This report includes some of the basic principles and conventions that must be adhered to while preparing the financial statements. It includes analysis and evaluation of some of the accounting practices and conventions. This report also analyses and evaluates some of the accounting practices in Marks & Spencer Plc. 2.1 Accrual Accounting Accrual concept includes recognition of revenue when earned while expenses are only acknowledged when they are suffered or incurred. This accounting concept needs creation of an extra account that records the variance obtained from the difference between revenue and expenses recognized as well as reception or payments of cash. Accounts receivable is normally used in recording accrued incomes while deferred re venue account is used to record revenue not earned (Banerjee 2005, p. 4-5). On the other hand, accrued expense account is used in recording expenses before payment of cash while deferred expense account is used in recording expenses after paying cash. This type of accounting concept is very expensive and that it is possible for the account to owe taxes on their income even before the cash is received. In marks & Spencer income is recognized when the products are sent to the customers and important risks and title incentives are shifted to the client. The deferred tax is accounted for after calculating it based on anticipated way of realization. The company also has trade receivables account and trade payables (Banerjee 2005, p. 4-5). 2.2 Going Concern Going concern is regarded as one of the most important assumptions in accounting used in preparation of final accounts with an assumption that the business will continue to operate in the next foreseeable future. The company is expecte d to successfully settle their liabilities after realizing their assets. It is always upon the management of the company to check on the ability of the organization to continue doing business in the coming future. The accounts of Marks & Spencer are prepared in the basis of going concern and the directors are convinced that the company will be able to operate in the next future. The directors are very much concerned that there are no uncertainties that may interfere with the company’s operations in their future (Gibson 2012, p.11-12). The company managed to make a profit of $458 as at March 2013 and positive cash and cash equivalents. The company’s current assets also exceed the current liabilities thus showing an element of going concern. The company is also in a position of paying out her dividends and financing The company will not likely to fail in its operations in the near future considering her statement of financial position and the consolidated income statemen t (Marks & Spencer 2013, p. 1-3). There are a number of indications of a going concern business which are not reflected in the financial statement of Marks & Spencer. Some of the dangerous signs indicating challenges of going concern are poor liquidity positions, high financial risk and delay in payments as well as serious litigations affecting the company. Marks & Spencer do not also have any indication of defaulting by one of their chief customers that may eventually affect her operations (Gibson

U.S. Organizations Operating in the Global Environment Research Paper

U.S. Organizations Operating in the Global Environment - Research Paper Example According to the research findings, it can, therefore, be said that there are many organizations in the US operating in the global environment. They can be political organizations, business organizations, and another relevant form of organizations. The list goes on. However, what they all have in common is that they all operate in the global environment where there is a need for them to have a constant attachment to the environment. This concept brings forward to the thought that organizations eventually relate strategically to their environment. Furthermore, this also leads to the idea that organizations may be capable of shaping their environment. On the contrary, the environments may also shape organizations. Therefore, there is a prevailing thought that organizations also choose which environments they enter and exit. In other words, organizations have the choice which way or part they should place themselves. In order to understand these relevant perspectives, some appropriate o rganizational theories are included in the work at hand to justify if organizations have all the flexibility to affect the environment or be affected by their environments on the contrary. The depth of this point of view can be significantly illustrated by taking the case of US Organizations operating in the global environment. There are many organizations coming from the US that are freely operating across the world. This must be a significant observation considering that the US is considered as one of the world’s most powerful nations in terms of its political and economic influence. At some point, the country also has become the center point of socio-cultural change, as it tries to successfully bring the whole world into the Western culture. However, whatever may be the reason why the US together with many of its organizations prevails and manages to stand out in the world, one essential argument in line with this will always lead to the idea of how it was able to bring in fluence to its environment.

Catholic Views on Social Issues

Catholic Views on Social Issues â€Å"Religion is the set beliefs, feelings, dogmas and practices that define the relations between human being and sacred or divinity† (Green, 1962, pg. 1). Religion is a way for people to have a strong confidence in something greater than themselves. Religion also brings unity to communities by creating stability and order. On the other hand, some critics may argue that religion creates more conflict than resolution, due to corruption and contradiction. Religion can be defined in three characteristics: Believes and religious practices, the religious feeling (such as faith), and unity in a community of those who share the same faith (such as the Church)† (Green, 1962, pg. 1). Thus, this essay will discuss the changing nature and views of Catholicism on social justice issues such as reproduction, crime and punishment, and same-sex marriage. This essay will argue that Catholicism has now taken a more flexible approach to social justice issues in comparison to how Catholic ism was practiced earlier. Many social theorists of the past have seen the diminishment of religion as imminent and desirable (Mainwaring, 1986). For instance, in 1830, Ludwig Feuerbach dismissed religion as a projection, and deemed that it would not last long. At the same time, Marx agreed with this assessment and believed that religion was an ideological mystification that created a divide between the bourgeoisie and the rest of the classes (Mainwaring, 1986). In a study conducted by Cook (1993) and associates, a state exit poll was conducted in 1990 to determine whether Roman Catholicism affects abortion attitudes. The individual-level effects in which the Church socializes individual members was compared alongside contextual effects, in which the Church affects abortion attitudes by altering the terms of the debate outside the Church’s membership (Cook et al., 1993, p. 223). Both effects were found to be statistically significant (the effects were reliable), although the contextual effects of Catholicism were negative (Cook et al., 1993, p. 223). This part of the study suggested that the Catholic Church is affective in teaching anti-abortion attitudes to its members, but that a strong Catholic presence in a state influences citizens in a counter mobilization way, on the part of non-Catholics (Cook et al., 1993, p. 223). Oliver (2008) makes an excellent point in understanding the relationship between the Catholic Church and social justice. For instance, Oliver (2008) states that in order to have a deeper understanding of the Catholic perspective of crime and criminal justice, one must have an understanding of the central concept that lies at the heart of the criminal justice system (p. 3). For instance, there is a human desire for justice. In Catholicism, there are those who are religious that seek justice in the world so that God’s will is done on earth. There are also a set group of people who profess no religion that seek justice through the court system based on the rule of law.[1] Oliver (2008, p. 223) also points out that in the mid-1800’s, the Catholic Church had prodded the medical community to prevent midwives and rogue doctors from performing abortions. Further, the Catholic Church drew upon the fact that abortion was immoral, and thus both the Catholic Church and many physicians argued that the health of the woman was put at risk (Oliver, 2008, p. 223). However, as awareness regarding abortions grew and as time went on, there were changing attitudes towards abortion. For instance, doctors claimed that they should be the only ones to carry out abortions (although they were the same doctors that felt it was morally wrong), and the American Medical Association began to hold the reigns of the issues of abortion more so than the Catholic Church. Thus, since the topic of abortion is a social justice issue in which Catholic views on the issues have been changing as opposed to stagnant, this supports the thesis that Catholic standpoints are becoming less stringent than they were previously. The other issue related to the social justice topic of abortion is the topic of justice in and of itself. Justice in the Catholic faith brings in another perspective. From the Catholic standpoint, justice is based on the word of God, the teaching of Jesus Christ, and the Traditions of the Roman Catholic Church (Oliver, 2008, p. 4). Moreover, in American penal organizations, Post-revolutionary Catholicism favoured a democratic model of authority, local autonomy, and the separation of the Church and the state (Stotnicki, 2013, p. 83). In other words, a congregational pattern of church polity was regarded as the most acceptable model of the prison system (Stotnick, 2013, p. 83). Thus, this points to a symbiotic relationship between Catholicism and the criminal justice system in which Catholicism worked hand-in-hand with social justice, and in some cases, removing signs of religion from within the system to maintain the justice system’s autonomy. However, in 1973 an event in New Y ork changed the landscape in which Catholic teachings would be allowed in the penal system. For instance, in 1973, the United States Catholic Conference (USCC) published a Reform paper on Correctional Institutions in the 70s and claimed that certain practices they were proponents of, decreased recidivism rates, while results showed the opposite-that recidivism rates increased with such practices (Stotnicki, 2013, p. 84). The other issues with the paper were that the paper called for rehabilitation without defining what it meant by the term and what goals would be accomplished (Ibid., p. 84). Lastly, the paper called for alternatives to prison, without giving examples of such alternatives (Ibid., p. 84). Furthermore, Stotnicki (2013) argues that the concept of deterrence does not fit in with the Catholic religion. Thus, this could point to delineation where the Catholic tradition had less of an impact on the penal system than it did in previous decades. A principle component of Catholicism and the criminal justice system is that incapacitation should be used to reshape the beneficent values of a market economy on a case-by-case basis (Stotnicki, 2013). What is interesting about trends in social justice and Catholicism is that in a Gallup poll conducted in 2004, 71% of Protestants and 66% of Catholics support the use of capital punishment (Stotnicki, 2012). Although this poll was taken over 10 years ago, what is interesting is that capital punishment is not in line with the New Testament although arguably, it is an Old Testament principle; this is fodder against the argument that Catholicism has not taken a flexible approach in comparison to earlier years if the Gallup poll is anything to go by. On the other hand, opinions (particularly with people that identify as Catholic) might be changing in as fast as 10 years. The last issue that warrants mention on the topic of Catholicism and social justice is the topic of same-sex marriages. The topic of same-sex marriage is a social justice issue because it is an issue which affects a large segment of the population and it is a contentious issue which has sparked debate over the last few decades in Western society. For instance, Dempsey (2008) demonstrates that the Catholic Church holds the view that circumstances may increase the culpability of a person to engage in homosexual acts (p. 77). Furthermore, Dempsey (2008) points out that Catholics believe that respect for the basic human dignity of the homosexual entails respect for his ability to cooperate freely with God’s grace in turning from evil ways and embracing a chaste life in Christian love (Ibid., p. 77). The Catholic Church affirms the natural law and Christian vision of marriage as the loving and life-giving union of a man and a woman (Dempsey, 2008, p.77). Furthermore, the Catholic C ongregation beliefs that â€Å"a person engaging in homosexual behaviour therefore acts immorally.† (Ibid., p. 77). The Catholic teaching then tries to take a scientific spin on the union of marriage by arguing that homosexual activity is not a complimentary union, able to transmit life, and so it halts the call to life and thus of self-giving, in which the Gospel claims is the essence of Christian living. Thus, the Catholic Church tries to use morality and science to argue against the notion of same-sex marriages. On one hand, the Catholic Church respects homosexuals as people, yet on the other hand, part of the statement calls such acts â€Å"evil† and invites the â€Å"evil-doer† to embrace a chaste life in Christian love. Thus, in this regard, the Catholic Church still has a long ways to go before it deals wholly with the issues of same-sex marriage and homosexuality. Having said that, in an interview with Pope Francis in the summer of 2013, the Pope stated that while homosexual acts were sinful, homosexual orientation was not.[2] This shift in attitude although still stringent but making some leeway towards homosexuality, demonstrates that there has been a change to views on homosexuality as the world becomes more global and accepting of same-sex marriages. The other reason why the topic of same-sex marriage is a social justice issue is because it has been an issue that has seen the inside of courtrooms throughout historical debate. For instance, Olson and associates (2006) argue that public opinion has had a major impact on same-sex marriage discourse. Furthermore, Canadian cases like M. v. H. [1999] has provided awareness to the cause of same sex-marriages. In the case of M.v.H, the Supreme Court of Canada ordered Ontario to amend its definition of family to include cohabitation of partners (whether male or female). Thus, in this case, lesbian and gay couples were given the same rights and responsibilities that married, opposite-sex couples traditionally have. Further to Olson and associates’ (2006, p. 342) study, while Americans have become less willing to restrict the civil rights of gays and lesbians, religion has been seen as a sometimes ambiguous influence on the opinions on homosexuality. Once again, these findings indicate that there have been small steps in Catholic opinions on homosexuality and same sex marriage. Conclusion Skotnicki (2013) argues that the Catholic Church plays a limited role in determining American correctional policy due to a failure at variance with significant developments in its own history (p.1). Skotnicki’s (2013) statement points to either a reform in Catholic policies in order to co-exist in the changing times, or more flexibility in its outlook on criminal justice practices. In critiquing the effect that Catholicism has had in the criminal justice system, Stotnicki (2013) further argues that while the prison system needs a clear system of why it has the right to punish- not in terms of vengeance of self-interest, but in terms of human life and human community, the Catholic Church has failed to provide significant help in addressing the crisis of punishment and reoffending. What is clear is that the Catholic Church’s landscape is changing. For instance, Curran (2010) states that the understanding of the Church (ecclesiology) is changing, the sociological relations hip of the Catholic Church to U.S. Society is changing, and the circumstances affecting social justice, along with Catholicism, are changing in the United States. With these changes, the social mission of the Church is also changing, thus allowing for more flexible practices in social justice and social tolerance. References Cook, A.E., Jelen, G.T., Wilcox, C. (1993). Catholicism and Abortion: Attitudes in the American  States: A Contextual Analysis. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion 32(3), 223-230. Curran, E. C. (2010). The Social Mission of the U.S. Catholic Church: A Theological  Perspective. (Washington: Georgetown University Press). Dempsey, J, R. (2008). The Catholic Church’s teaching about Same-Sex Marriage. The Linacre  Quarterly, Volume 75. Graham, G. (1962). The Power and the Glory. (UK: Penguin Books).   M.v.H. [1999] 2. S.C.R. 3. Mainwaring, S. (1986). The Catholic Church and Politics in Brazil, 1910-1985. (CA: Stanford  University Press). Oliver, M. W. (2008 ). Catholic Perspectives on Crime and Criminal Justice. (MD: Lexington  Books). Olson, L, R., Cadge, W., Harrison, T. J. (2006). Religion and Public Opinion about same-sex  Marriage. Social Science Quarterly 87(2). Pope Francis: Who am I to judge gay people? BBC News. 29 July 2013. Retrieved 26 March  2015 from http://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-23489702 Skotnicki, A. (2012). The Last Judgment: Christian Ethics in a Legal Culture. (Vermont:  Ashgate Publishing Company). Skotnicki, A. (2013). The U.S. Catholic Church and Criminal Justice. New Theology Review. [1] It is arguable that the doctrine of the Rule of Law has religious underpinnings. [2] Statement taken from an interview conducted with Pope Francis. Interview Retrieved from BBC News on March 26th 2015 from http://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-23489702

The Way Up to Heaven

apprehension : anixiety bland : showing no strong emotions foible : little weekness or strange habit bustling : very busy butler : main,male servant yearing : strong desire diminutive : small and thin dapper : man dressed nicely hazy : not clear flabby : unattrective,soft,loose cable : telegraf shrill : very high and unpleasant sound tinkling : a light ringing sound pantry: a small room in a house where foods is kept appressive : a situation that makes you unhappy,worried glimmer: a small sign of sth trifle : modas? gecmis onemsiz CHARACTERS Mrs. Foster: she is the main character. ut she has no giving name or age. She is just her husband’s wife. She is modest,faithful ,neurotic,disiplined,suffuring. She changes,when she arrives Paris,she feels wonderful,strong,purposeful,cool and calm. And when she arrives back to New York she feels satisfied. Mr. Foster: he is 70 years old,rich,insensitive,diminutive but quite dapper,and he shows no love for his family and he has a few friend s. He is a static,flat character. CLIMAX The main turning point is he moment when Mrs. Foster freezes in front door to listen to a sound which is coming from the house. CONFLICTS External conflict: between the mrs.Foster and mr foster. Although she knows that her husban torments her on purpose,she does say anything about it. Internal conflict: between the mrs. foster and herself. Although she wants tol ive with her grandchildren she also thinks that it is wrong because her husband is still alive and she is a loyal wife. *** Mrs. Foster has an almost pathological fear of being late. And her husband knows she will be hysterical if he is late. So he always late on purpose. And he watch her to see if the tiny muscle by her eye starts twitching. She is begining to realize that her husbant is tormenting her.

Family structures and roles Essay

We use the word role today meaning a function or part played in life. As a member of a family or a work situation the roles we have in life depend on the situation we are in at the time. I myself am a wife, a mother, a daughter, a care assistant, a student and a friend. As you can see I have many different roles in my everyday living. The main role in my life will be the role within my family unit. This project will look at the roles of members in a family unit and how this has changed over the last 25-50 years. Nuclear family The roles within the nuclear family used to be the father being the main provider and working long hours to support his family and the mother looked after the children and the home. Because men were the ones with the money they took charge inside the family. This was considered the norm but over time changes came about when the wife began to reject the housewife role and demanded a greater say in decision making in the home. They wanted to be considered equal to their husbands. Women began insisting men carried out tasks around the home. This lead to husbands spending leisure time with family instead of spending time with his male companions down the pub after work, it resulted in close emotional bonds with his wife and children, he began to help with household tasks and childcare. With the introduction of the contraceptive pill in the 1960’s women were able to limit the number of children they had and gave them the freedom to obtain paid employment. A marriage now became a partnership with the husband and wife now sharing the routine of everyday life. Attitudes changed in society, it was now considered normal for husbands and wives to both work and share household tasks and childcare. In today’s society it is not unusual for the wife to be the main provider and the husband stay at home to keep house and look after the children. The term househusband is now well known. There are three different roles: Joint roles; where couples work together in the house or garden. Complementary roles: where couples helped one another such as one may paint the other may paper. Segregated roles; where couples have separate jobs to do, e.g. the wife does the ironing the husband mows the lawn. Extended family The role of members in the extended family did not vary greatly from those of the nuclear family. The daughter settled in close proximity to her mother and they saw each other on a daily basis. This gave the grandmother the opportunity of a supporting role in the upbringing and education of the child(ren). They were also if able to give financial support. The extended family members usually took on the role of caring for an elderly parent. A person is now expected to live well into their 70th or 80th year, this means there has been a huge growth in the number of three-generation families. Nursing homes and residential homes are now on the increase in today’s society and the role of looking after a parent in their old age within the family unit has now decreased. The roles within the extended family have varied greatly due to women and men now having equal opportunities and both going out to work. The care of the child while the parents work is more often than not taken on by a family member e.g. grandparent aunt or uncle. Whilst the local extended family takes on the role of childcare it is both the parents responsibility to take on the role of providing for their family. Reconstituted family Reconstituted families became more popular after the divorce reform act of 1971 was introduced making it easier to obtain divorce. The roles within the reconstituted families can be very difficult due to stepparents taking on their new role and children rebelling against the discipline given out by a stepparent. In reconstituted families both the man and the woman take on the role of the living expenses and food costs of the home. Joint financing of the stepchildren’s expenses is less common, it is much more common for the mother to receive financial help from the stepfather in order for her children’s expenses. Both parents along with household tasks usually take on the role of childcare and educator. Members of the extended reconstituted family also take on the childcare role when both parents work. One parent family The role of the single parent can be a difficult one, as they have to take on the role of mother, father, carer, provider and educator. This itself can become a huge task especially if there is no immediate family around to offer support Single parents have become more popular in today’s society for a variety of reasons. There are more women than men who take on the role of the single parent but it is probably a harder role for a man to cope with. A mans role in life is seen to be masculine; they define themselves by their work role. Single fatherhood requires men to look at their priorities around work and family and so their role in life now becomes the sole provider for his child(ren). Partnership arrangements There are many types of families in today’s society including gay and lesbian couples. The public’s opinion of these couples has changed enormously over the last few years. The role of carer and educator within this type of family usually falls on both individuals. Benefit such as income support or working families tax credit is paid to the natural parent of the child and does not include the other persons income, as the law does not recognise them as a couple, therefore the main provider will probably be the natural parent but not in all cases. Cultural influences There are many people from many cultures settled in Britain today. Being of a different cultural background has resulted in prejudice. Prejudice still exists today, and although there is discrimination out there, it is against the law and much harder to prove. Because of so many cultures in our lives we have seen many changes in society, namely the opening of shops, supermarkets, take-away food shops and restaurants. Many years ago it was unusual for families to eat outside their home or the home of a family member, today take-away food and eating out is a part of every day life. We now have new tastes ranging from Chinese to Indian and Italian to Mexican. Why roles have changed Many changes have taken place over the years especially the roles within family life. The introduction of the pill made it easier for women to take control of their bodies resulting in fewer children being born. The influences that have changed the way we think the way we see the family and the roles we play are due to the media, television newspapers and magazines. Legislation has given us equal pay, equal opportunities for all and equal rights regardless of our class gender or culture. Women can now own or rent their own home and are considered equal owners in the case of divorce. Women can now take out loans or credit agreements without their husband or fathers consent. Health care has improved considerably over the years and screenings for women’s problems has been forced into action. Overall life has become better for women today. They now have the same rights as men and are considered an important part of our society today.